Data is now integral to decision-making across industries, driving a surge in demand for skilled data analytics professionals. To become a proficient data analyst, it’s crucial to understand how to extract value from complex data. A vital part of this is knowing the difference between classification and clustering.
In this article, we’ll explore the concepts of classification vs. clustering, how they differ, and real-world applications of both. Enrolling in a data analytics bootcamp will give you hands-on experience with these techniques if you’re an aspiring data professional.
Classification: What is it and What are its Types?
Classification in machine learning sorts data into categories based on their features. It predicts which category new data belongs to using binary classification (sorting into two groups) or multi-class classification (sorting into more than two groups). These techniques use patterns from past data to correctly classify new data points based on identified features.
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Types of Classification Algorithms
The following are some of the types of classification algorithms
Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression is a linear model used for classification tasks. It applies the sigmoid function to estimate the probability of an event occurring based on the input data. It is particularly effective for categorical variables.
K-Nearest Neighbors (kNN)
kNN calculates distances between a data point and all other points using metrics like Euclidean or Manhattan distance. It then classifies the data point by majority vote from its k nearest neighbors.
Decision Trees
Decision Trees are nonlinear models that classify data using a tree structure with nodes and leaves. They break down complex structures into smaller ones using if-else statements to reach a final decision, which is helpful for both regression and classification problems.
Random Forest
Random Forest uses multiple decision trees to predict outcomes. Each tree produces a distinct result, and their combined predictions determine the final classification or regression result.
Naïve Bayes
Naïve Bayes is a method that uses Bayes’ theorem to make predictions based on past data. It assumes that each feature in the data is unrelated, which works well for more straightforward data sets. However, when features in the data are interconnected in more complex ways, Naïve Bayes may struggle to make accurate predictions.
Support Vector Machine (SVM)
SVM maps data points into a higher-dimensional space and uses flat boundaries called hyperplanes to separate them into different categories. It adjusts these boundaries to maximize the space between them, helping to classify data accurately across multiple dimensions.
What is Clustering?
Clustering is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that organizes data points into clusters based on shared properties. The primary goal is to ensure that data points within the same cluster exhibit similar characteristics while those in different clusters are distinctly different.
There are two main types of clustering methods:
- Soft clustering: Items can belong to more than one group simultaneously. For example, an item could be in the “red” and “round” groups.
- Hard clustering: Each item is assigned to only one group. So, an item would be in either the “red” group or the “round” group, but not both.
The main goal of clustering is to create groups where items within the same group are very similar, and items in different groups are as different as possible. This helps us find patterns and similarities in our data more effectively.
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Types of Clustering Algorithms
The following are some of the types of clustering algorithms
K-means Clustering
K-means clustering starts by defining a fixed number of k segments. It uses distance metrics to calculate the distance between each data point and the cluster centers of these segments. Each data point is then assigned to one of the k groups based on its distance from the other points.
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering
This method forms clusters by merging data points according to distance metrics and the criteria for connecting these clusters.
Divisive Hierarchical Clustering
Divisive Hierarchical Clustering starts by grouping all data into one cluster. It then divides these groups using measures of their proximity and specific rules. Both types of hierarchical clustering can be shown as a dendrogram, which helps decide the best number of clusters.
DBSCAN
DBSCAN is a density-based clustering method. Unlike K-means, which works best with well-separated round clusters, DBSCAN can handle clusters of any shape and is not easily affected by outliers. It groups data points close to many other points within a specified distance.
OPTICS
OPTICS is a density-based clustering method like DBSCAN but includes extra factors. It requires more computation than DBSCAN. OPTICS creates a reachability plot to reveal the clustering pattern without directly forming clusters.
BIRCH
BIRCH organizes data into groups by summarizing it first. It then uses this summary to create clusters. However, BIRCH can only handle numerical data that can be shown in space.
Applications of Classification
Here are some key applications of classification algorithms
Spam Detection
One of the most common applications of classification algorithms is spam detection in email services. By analyzing the content, subject line, and sender information, algorithms like Naïve Bayes or Support Vector Machines can classify emails as spam or legitimate.
This helps users manage their inboxes more effectively and protects them from potential phishing attempts or malicious content.
Facial Recognition
Facial recognition systems use security and social media algorithms to classify and confirm identities from images or videos. Technologies like convolutional neural networks learn from extensive face data sets to recognize features and match them with stored profiles. This technology is commonly used for unlocking devices, surveillance, and tagging people in photos on social media.
Customer Churn Prediction
Businesses use classification algorithms to predict customer churn, predicting if customers are likely to leave a service or switch to a competitor. Algorithms like decision trees or logistic regression analyze customer behavior, purchase history, and engagement to spot patterns that signal possible churn. This helps companies implement focused strategies, like personalized offers or better customer support, to keep their customers loyal.
Credit Scoring
Financial institutions use classification algorithms to evaluate whether potential borrowers will repay loans. These algorithms, such as logistic regression or random forests, analyze factors like credit history, income, and employment to classify applicants as high-risk or low-risk. This helps banks and lenders decide whether to approve or deny loan applications, ensuring they make informed decisions and manage risks responsibly.
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Applications of Clustering
Let’s see some applications of clustering algorithms.
Market Segmentation
Businesses utilize clustering algorithms to segment their market based on customer preferences. By analyzing customer demographics, purchasing behavior, and preferences, algorithms like K-Means or hierarchical clustering can identify distinct customer groups. This helps businesses tailor their marketing, products, and prices to better meet each group’s needs and preferences.
Studying Social Networks
Clustering algorithms are used in social network analysis to find groups and relationships within networks. Algorithms like Girvan-Newman or Louvain’s method identify clusters of people or groups with similar interests or interactions. This analysis helps study influence patterns in viral marketing strategies and find communities on social media platforms.
Image Segmentation
In image processing, clustering algorithms group pixels based on color intensity, texture, or proximity to segment images into meaningful regions or objects. Algorithms like K-means or mean shift clustering can separate different parts of an image. This is important in medical imaging to detect tumors, in satellite imagery to classify land cover, and in computer vision to recognize objects and understand scenes.
Recommendation Engines
Online platforms use clustering algorithms to create recommendation systems that customize user content. Algorithms like collaborative filtering or K-Means group users with similar preferences and behavior to suggest products, movies, or articles that match each user’s interests. This improves user satisfaction, boosts engagement, and increases sales by offering personalized recommendations.
Classification vs. Regression: At a Glance
Here is a comparison between regression and classification:
| Classification | Regression | |
| Basic | Maps input values to predefined classes or categories | Converts input values into a continuous output |
| Includes anticipation of | Discrete values representing categories or labels | Continuous values represent numerical data |
| Characteristics of anticipated data | Unordered, as the classes have no inherent order | Ordered or stacked, as the output is a continuous range |
| Procedure for calculating | Measures accuracy, often using metrics like precision, recall, or F1 score | Calculates error, commonly using metrics like root mean square error (RMSE) |
| Typical Algorithms | Logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors | Linear regression, regression trees, polynomial regression, ridge regression |
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Boost Your Data Analytics Skills
Understanding the distinctions between classification vs. clustering vs. regression is pivotal for mastering the core principles of AI and machine learning.
Enrolling in a data analytics program will help solidify your understanding of the differences between classification, clustering, and regression techniques. You will also get practical training with Excel, SQL, Python, Tableau, and generative AI by following a structured learning path, practicing consistently, and applying your skills to real-world projects.
But that’s not all. You will work on 20+ projects, receive an industry-recognized certificate, and earn up to 13 CEU credits from CTME.
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